Understanding The Contemporary Context Of Housing - The Emergence Of

Understanding The Contemporary Context Of Housing - The Emergence Of Understanding The Contemporary Context Of Housing - The Emergence Of Problems And Policies In The â€" Assignment Example > Low Demand in Housing Private MarketIntroductionLow demand in the housing private market is the inability of constructed houses being able to attract anyone willing to dwell in them. In the worst form the houses are abandoned completely as people or tenant look for accommodation or resident elsewhere. In the housing policy of Britain the matter has been viewed as a challenge that has been created by the council housing, where important estates, blocks or areas have come to be labeled as ‘difficult-to-let’. This challenge was first noticed in 1974 and highlighted as a major problem in the housing sector. The problem was characterized by empty and abandoned buildings, high turnover and abnormal sales and low house prices (Cole Nevin, 2004). Causes of low demand in housingAccording to Leather et al. (2007), the fundamental factor that is a direct result of low demand is the poor perception or tainted reputation of areas, antisocial behavior and crime. Poor quality environment and conditions, design and type of estate or housing are of middle level significance. Equal observation is applicable to general surplus in housing that it has been pointed out in almost half of cases at neighborhood level in every tenure sector. Leather et al (2007) adds that there exist a big level of similarity between factors causing low demand in housing that are considered commonly important in both the social and private sector. Nevertheless, some differences are striking. Dwelling places that are unpopular are more associated commonly with the local authority sector, while on the other hand poor condition is more witnessed when it comes the private sector. It is conspicuous that factors such as quality or availability of services locally and inaccessible location are only rightly not pointed out to be major factors resulting to low demand. Concerning local services this is apparently conflicting with the view of the Social Exclusion Unit which emphasized on the fact that man y of the neighborhoods considered poorest experience run-down services both public and private. Whereas local schools quality being poor is a usual factor pointed out as encouraging out-migration of the inner cities, it has not been taken by practitioners as specifically important as the reason of low demand and unpopularity of neighbourhood as observed by some people. Explanatory variables that have been put forward to explain the cause of low demand in housing in the private sector have been broadly categorized as demographic factors, employment factors, poverty/income, area (un)attractiveness and stock supply characteristic. The unattractiveness of the area is very crucial factor in the social sector. Crime problems and dissatisfaction have outstanding effect across the sectors. Fear of crime and anti-social behavior are the strong factors that are forcing people to abandon areas that are unpopular (Rhoden Balchin, 2002). A number of commentators have put forward explanations for the emergence of low-demand and for the unpopularity of neighbourhoods. The causal factors that have been put forward have been broadly categorized into three: first broader sub-regional and regional effects of demographic trends, especially migration, that are usually viewed as associated to employment changes and economic restructuring. Secondly, there is the factor that is brought by changes in behavior and preferences in the would-be consumers of the private housing and social housing. This has been occasioned by the declining popularity of private housing and instability and greater turnover in the tenant population. Finally the micro-social processes at the neighborhood level that lead to specific areas being stigmatized by reputations for crime, poverty and other factors resulting into processes of collective deterioration of conditions which may in the long run lead to total abandonment (Allen, 2008).

An Effective Information Security Program - 1289 Words

SETA programs are effective tools in helping to change an employee’s attitude and opinion on information security, by making them take the initiative in protecting information. This creates an information security culture in which everybody undertakes accountability for security. Chen, Ramamurthy, and Wei-Wen support the idea that while building the mindset of a security consciousness culture may be a long-term process SETA programs offer substantial support building a security culture within organizations (Chen, Ramamurthy, Wei Wen, 2015, p. 18). A decent information security program will not be sufficient enough. SETA is essential in having an effective information security program in an organization by helping to reduce the loss of†¦show more content†¦In 2005 a MSSP was the victim of theft which resulted in 40 million credit cards stolen. Restaurants in the states of Louisiana and Mississippi sued a MSSP for not being compliant with current PCI DSS standards and poor business practices lead to several cases of identity theft. Studies have shown that although there are inherited risks with MSSPs, with implementation of stricter security requirements and larger clientele the risk could be offset (Hui, Hui, Yue, 2012). According to Merriam-Webster ethics is an area of study that deals with philosophies around what is good and bad behavior and what is morally right or wrong (Definition of, n.d.). In a generic sense it is the common comprehension of what constitutes proper behavior, basically doing the right thing. Behavior is connected to three things: the favorableness felt towards the behavior, social pressures concerning the behavior, and the awareness about the capability to carry out the behavior (Chatterjee, Suprateek, Valacich, 2015, p. 53). There are several professional associations required by law to have clear-cut guidelines governing ethical codes of behavior in their work environment. Physicians and lawyers and other professionals who can have an impact on other individual’s lives receive formal training concerning communal ethical issues in their occupation. If any of these professionals commit any type of flagrant ethical violation they can be removed from their

Get the Scoop on Financial Aid Scholarship Essay Samples Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Financial Aid Scholarship Essay Samples Before You're Too Late Read sample essays to have a feel for what a fantastic essay appears like. It is one that leaves a lasting impression. Good essays can only enable you in the event that you apply. A personal essay is a superb choice because it is usually accepted as a subject topic and very often it's the subject required. If you get essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. In addition, the work change from topic to topic as there are essays that enable you to dig deeper into your creative minds. You don't need to possess the ideal writing skills so as to be creative and compose an effective essay. What Needs to be Done About Financial Aid Scholarship Essay Samples You'll get to the point which you can create an essay very quickly, with good grammar, fantastic experiences to chat about, and the most suitable length for the application. The margin you will use in the document can play a huge part on the total look of the letter. Remember there are some instructions that ask that you use a specific structure or format. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely rely on the instructions provided to you. Considering all the knowledge areas and tips that you're already conscious of in writing a scholarship letter, you're able to easily put together all of the info that you must make sure you and your scholarship letter will stick out. Numerous websites affiliated with colleges also provide essay samples to be able to send prospective students on the right path. Elaborate the information which you want to discuss and be sure they are presented accordingly. You just have to pass a very simple procedure of authorization, click buy research papers, fill a simple purchase form and that's it! Have another individual preferably a person who knows the difference look over your essay as soon as you've finished. How much you could earn while your paper work is being done by somebody, who knows the way to do it correctly! It can be useful though to find an illustration of how others have set theirs together. Challenge in life is something which I have always looked for. Before starting writing, make certain you satisfy the requirements and criteria for application. Beside s the eligibility requirements given below, you should compose an essay describing your career targets and objectives for the subsequent five decades. Some say it's an issue of substance, while some point to the format and writing techniques. Being invited for a scholarship application is a remarkable experience that's why you ought to make the absolute most out of it. Once you've located a school which you really appear to favor, you ought to make a great impression on them. Luckily for you, even when you're trying hard to get going on a topic, we've got lots of resources to help you produce a winning, effective scholarship essay. As you probably know, applying for college is plenty of work. Inspiring other students to look for knowledge kindles my own search to understand the world and the folks around me. Things You Should Know About Financial Aid Scholarship Essay Samples A good scholarship essay enables the scholarship provider understand the true person supporting the application and may be the secret to winning the award (assuming you satisfy the other scholarship criteria). Nursing integrates science and attention. Finding a great education is quite difficult when one doesn't have the funds to be successful. Scholarships are provided by various government and non-government agencies. Learn more on the subject of the Mobility Disability Scholarship. Just consider it how many excellent things you may do instead of boring writing. With our essay help you may be certain nobody shall get a better mark for the work than you. You can select any freelance writer from the database we've got on our site. For instance, the author addresses the manner that American history classes don't usually address about the Vietnam War, although it happened just a limited time ago. Even in the event the essay prompt is the very same, do some research into the particular scholarship or offering organization to observe the way you can better reach them. When you're tackling your scholarship application essay try to keep in mind that it's an important bit of writing that is worth more then only a grade evaluation. The main reason why it's necessary for you to make sure you will make a thorough and thorough scholarship essay is because of the benefits it can provide to your scholarship application. Don't build until the thesis. If you're in need of a very good scholarship essay, ask our writers to compose a personalized scholarship essay for you. The essay may be a great story or it may take care of the environment, political activism, history or nature. When you compose a scholarship essay, it is helpful to have an idea about what an effective scholarship essay actually looks like. Scholarship essays are a severe issue. The Foolproof Financial Aid Scholarship Essay Samples Strategy Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should be able to spark the interests of your readers. More information regarding the essay contest can be located on the Ayn Rand Institute Website. There isn't one sure-fire method to compose an essay, but below are some universal recommendations to help elevate every one of your submissions. See the Penguin Books Website for more information about the way the essays have to be submitted. Financial Aid Scholarship Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? Then, student loans might be a g ood way to help students by giving them an opportunity to still have the ability to attend college without the assistance of financial aid but there's also a downfall to student loans also. The main reason why some scholarships need an essay component is because the sponsors desire to provide money to students that are serious about there academic career. If you want more money to cover college, odds are you will be applying for several college scholarships. The skills you will have the ability to learn in college are extremely different from high school teaching.

The Baader-Meinhof Gang Free Essays

The Baader-Meinhof or the Red Army Faction (RAF) was a prominent militant outfit of the ‘German Autumn. ’ A terror era that lasted for nearly three decades was marked by the rise and fall of several terrorist organizations. One of the most dreaded of these was the Baader-Meinhof Gang. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baader-Meinhof Gang or any similar topic only for you Order Now Originally formed as a revolutionary organization that would put an end to German fascist era, the gang went off-track with its goals and resorted to unlawful activities. At their peak, they had perpetrated numerous acts of terror including bank robbery, kidnapping and murder. They had become so infamous that the German Government labeled them as a terrorist organization. The origin of the Baader-Meinhof can be traced back to the late 1960s and early 1970s when West Germany reeled under a series of terrorist bombings by radical leftists in Augsburg, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Munich and at American installations in Frankfurt and Heidelburg, and bank robberies and Molotov cocktail attacks on public offices (Christenson 20). Two groups claimed responsibility for the attacks and one of these groups was the June 2nd Movement, which along with the other group was later known as the Baader-Meinhof gang (Christenson 20). A couple of the people involved in these activities were Andreas Baader, the man responsible for the formation of the gang, and his girlfriend Gundrun Ensslin. A prominent journalist who worked for the Konkret – Ulrike Meinhof – had interviewed the two people and justified their deeds, and later joined the gang after helping Baader escape from a jail (Christenson 20). Essaywriters 2 The formal establishment of the RAF or Baader-Meinhof gang was done on 5 June 1970, but the gang’s terrorist acts caught serious attention only since 1974 (Fulbrook 229). The gang, comprising mostly of people who were middle class and well-educated, was formed with the frustration that had crept in to their minds after witnessing their families die in the 1940s (Fulbrook 229). This was one of the primary reasons given by the gang, which felt that the government’s true, oppressive face has to be brought before the public. As a result, they started attacks on property and also engaged in bank robberies to fund their activities (Fulbrook 229). However, the real threat had begun when they had started to commit murders of popular people like the banker Jurgen Ponto; General State Prosecutor Buback, who they accused of causing the deaths of terrorists – Holger Meins, Siegfried Hauser and Ulrike Meinhof; and employers’ leader Hanns Martin Schleyer (a high-ranked official in SS) (Fulbrook 229). The most prominent of their involvements was in the Munich Olympics Massacre of 1972 (Reeve 37). The Organization The Baader-Meinhof Gang was formed out of the New Left and Extra Parliamentary Opposition student movements that had huge support from the German students in the 1950s and the 1960s, especially against the U. S. war in Vietnam (Tucker 95). With the passage of time, further student demonstrations took place and on June 2, a university student called Benno Ohnesorg was shot dead by the police, adding fuel to the fire burning in the students’ hearts (Tucker 96). Andreas Baader encouraged student Essaywriters 3 activists to overthrow the German Government as it was a part of the corrupt International system and was dominated by the United States (Tucker 96). The real terrorist group was formed after a left-wing lawyer named Horst Mahler suggested the creation of a German urban Guerilla Movement, like the Tupamaros in Uruguay, and engagement in greater violence than arson (Tucker 96). Mahler, along with Baader and Ensslin were the leaders of this small terrorist group. When Baader was arrested after the group was formed in 1970, Ensslin asked Meinhof for help and the journalist helped him escape (Tucker 96). Terror Activities The terrorist gang started its first few attacks on symbols that represented the capitalist system and in 1968, after Baader led left-wing student group Kommune I was released for arson activity, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and two other colleagues placed bombs in two department stores in Frankfurt am Main (Tucker 96). Andreas and his girlfriend, Ensslin, were arrested for the act, but were later released in 1969 (Tucker 96). In the period 1970-1977, the gang targeted a number of government top-ranked officials for assassination. They were successful in this goal when they assassinated prominent individuals like Jurgen Ponto, Prosecutor Buback and Hanns-Martin Schelyer (Fulbrook 229). Schleyer’s body was dumped inside the boot of a car after a hijack attempt by the gang was stopped by Federal Border Police in Mogadishu (Fulbrook 229). The hijack had been planned to force the government to release the gang’s top leaders Baader, Raspin and Ensslin. When Holger Meins, one of the people arrested in 1972, died Essaywriters 4 of a hunger strike, the group killed Judge Gunter Von Drenkkman in response (Christenson 21). When police arrested many supporters of leftist terrorist organizations in connection with this incident, the June 2nd group kidnapped West Berlin mayoral candidate Peter Lorenz and demanded the release of five convicted people, and in March, another group bombed the Paris office of West German publisher Axel Springer demanding the release and pardon of Baarden-Meinhof group’s members (Christenson 21). In another incident in April 1975, six guerillas killed three people and took 12 hostages in the West German Embassy in Stockholm demanding the release of the gang and when the government refused, they killed two diplomats and set the embassy on fire (Christenson 21). Main People in the Group Andreas Baader The most prominent name in the Baader-Meinhof gang is Andreas Baader and the group was named after him. Baader was attracted to the leftist-student movement and he was one of the people responsible for the bombing of a Frankfurt department store in 1968. He was a criminal even before his involvement in the Baader-Meinhof gang. He was arrested for the department store bombing, but was released. He was arrested a second time in 1970, when Ulrike Meinhof helped him escape through the library outside his prison. After the escape, he had spent some time in Jordan in a militant training camp. After he returned to Germany, he was involved in many bank robberies and bombing activities from 1970-1972. In June 1972, Baader and other members Jan-Carl Raspe, Essaywriters 5 Holger Meins and Gudrun Ensslin were arrested and they were tried till 1977. Baader had committed suicide in October 1977 inside the prison cell. Ulrike Meinhof Ulrike Meinhof was not a part of the group from the beginning. She was a sympathizing journalist who helped Baader escape from jail. Along with Baader and other prominent people, she became a part of the Baader-Meinhof gang. On May 9, 1976, Ulrike Meinhof was found hanging from the ceiling of her prison cell in Stuttgart-Stammheim. Gudrun Ensslin Although the group was partly named after Ulrike, the gang’s main female leader was Ensslin, who was also the girlfriend of Baader. She had participated in many student protests in the 1960s. Ensslin had assisted Baader in many terror activities. She was also found dead with Baader and Raspe in the prison cell in 1977. Horst Mahler Horst Mahler was also one of the founding members of the Baader-Meinhof gang. He was formerly a left-wing militant. He was later kicked out of the gang. Jan-Carl Raspe Jan-Carl Raspe was one of the early members of the gang. He was arrested along with Baader and the rest. He was also found dead in the prison with others in 1977. Essaywriters 6 The Diffusion of the Group Although the government believed that the Baader-Meinhof gang stopped functioning after the death of its main leaders, the group continued to function till 1998. The media company Reuters had received a message in 1998 that formally announced that the gang had been dissolved. It was the end of the ‘German Autumn. ’ Essaywriters 7 Works Cited Christenson, Ron. â€Å"Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present† (1991): 20-23 Fulbrook, Mary. â€Å"History of Germany, 1918-2000: The Divided Nation† (2002): p. 229 Reeve, Simon. â€Å"One Day in September† (2000): 37 Tucker, Jonathan. B. â€Å"Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons† (2000): 95-96 How to cite The Baader-Meinhof Gang, Papers

The program Library for adult

In the modern society, governmental agencies are struggling to satisfy educational needs of citizens. In this regard, the adult populations rarely access the available academic resources (Holmberg, Huvila, Kronqvist-Berg, Widen-Wulff, 2009). Inflation has posed a big challenge to the government, particularly the ministry of education and community service, which are unable to provide adequate learning materials to the public (Fraley, Anderson, 1985).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The program Library for adult specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the new technological advancements and unavailable finances make it difficult for the adults to access the reading materials form national libraries. In this program, the community workers seek to establish a library program that would cater for the needs of the adult population in the community (Ellsworth, 1973). The program would be designed to suit the learning needs of the adult population. In this regard, some baseline study would be undertaken to ascertain the number of community members in need of library services. In the current local community, studies show that adults are willing to use the public libraries because of the shortages of funds that bar the locals from accessing modern and developed libraries. This shows that this project would be beneficial to the local community, particularly the adults. The available libraries in the community cannot offer quality services due to insufficient personnel and inadequate resources, such as computers (Casey, Savastinuk, 2006). In fact, libraries need to be fitted with modern equipments to comply with the requirements of the information age. This program is to be delivered by a group of students, in conjunction with other stakeholders that will be invited to sponsor the program. Students would be requested to participate in executing the program while in vacation. After sometime, the managers of the program will come up with a system that would ensure students join the program through the internship program. However, some individuals will be employed in the secretariat in order to oversee the performance of the program. The success of the program depends on the willingness of students to participate in the community service. Since the community does not have a major community service specializing in offering library services, many students undertaking courses related to library management would be willing to participate. For any program to succeed, program managers must commit their time, as well as resources. Similarly, this program is expected to consume many resources and would cost the staff a considerable time to execute it. In this regard, managers of the program will seek support from other community organizations known for their records as far as funding of library services in the community is concerned.Advertising Looking for proposal on socia l sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the managers will seek help from the local state officials, as well as the state agencies in charge of library services in the region. The initial costs would involve the cost of materials such as books, computers, and other related library equipments. For students wishing to undertake their internships, they would be requested to pay for their uniforms and other overhead costs. Apart from tangible expenses, the program will also cost much in terms of internet connectivity and other issues related to information communication. The program will demand for a website to advertise its services to the adults wishing to use the library (Applegate, 2008). As earlier stated, the program managers will spend a considerable funds to set up the internet. The cost of erecting internet services is very high. Moreover, creating a website for consumers of the program is expected to use cons iderable resources (Sarling, Van Tassel, 1999) Some of the partners are expected to take part in raising the resources required for the acquisition of some important services, such as the internet. Some of the partners will be of great importance when it comes to evaluating the program. The success of the program can only be determined after undertaking a detailed review (Holmberg, Huvila, Kronqvist-Berg, Widen-Wulff, 2009). The partners, most of whom are established local organizations, are expected to offer direction and guidance to the managers of the program, who are new in matters related to serving the community. Those expected to contribute in the implementation of the program include the local governmental administration, the community based organizations and various organizations serving the adults in other sectors. These organizations would be incorporated into the program as equal partners meaning that they will be in charge of decision-making and implementation. In the modern world, it is true that private organizations and community-based organizations tend to fund programs that only accomplish their interests (Dubicki, 2007). This means they cannot fund projects that do not involve them directly in monitoring and evaluation. The main audience of the program is the adult population within the community. Those adults aged between thirty years and sixty will be the prime targets. However, other categories of societal members would not be discriminated provided they would be willing to abide by the rules and regulations. The mangers of the program are intending to market it through the social media such as face book and twitter. Adults aged 30 to 60 are known to use the internet frequently (Houghton-Jan, 2007). Therefore, the use of social media would be the perfect technique of capturing their attention.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The program Library for adult specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Applegate, R, (2008). Gender differences in the use of a public library. Public Library Quarterly, 27(1), 19-31. Casey, E., Savastinuk, C. (2006). Library 2.0: Service for the next-generation library. Library Journal, 131(14), 40-42. Dubicki, E. (2007). Basic marketing and promotion concepts. The Serials Librarian, 53(3): 5-15. Ellsworth, R. (1973). Academic Library Buildings: a guide to architectural issues and solutions. Boulder: Associated University Press. Fraley, A. Anderson, C. (1985) Library Space Planning: how to assess, allocate, and reorganize collections, resources, and physical facilities. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. Houghton-Jan, S. (2007). Twenty steps to marketing your library online. Journal of Web Librarianship, 1(4), 81-90. Holmberg, K., Huvila, I., Kronqvist-Berg, M., Widen-Wulff, G. (2009). What is Library 2.0? Journal of Documentation, 65(4), 668-681.Advertising Looking for proposal on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sarling, J.H., Van Tassel, D. (1999). Community analysis: Research that matters to a North-Central Denver Community. Library Information Science Research, 21(1), 7-29. This proposal on The program Library for adult was written and submitted by user Brisa Middleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

New future Essays

New future Essays New future Paper New future Paper Safie had been taught by her mother to aspire to higher powers of intellect and an independence of spirit. (CH14-p124) In a similar way the Monster also has ideas of improving his education when he discovers three books in the woods, (CH15, p127 ) these possessions of these treasures gave me extreme delight, I now continuously studied and exercised my mind upon these histories. One of the books is the story of paradise lost. Victor resembles Satan from Miltons Paradise Lost, in which Satan is an archangel punished for his vanity, arrogance, and thirst for forbidden knowledge. Like him, Victor attempts to take over Gods role as creator. Mary Shelley is perhaps suggesting that Victor should be punished for his acts as she doesnt show Victor in a positive light. It raises questions about what is natural and unnatural and highlights the struggle between science and God. It ultimately asks What is human nature? Is it human nature to question God and go against him, as Adam and Eve also did? The monster that Victor creates identifies both with Satan and with Adam. The Monster was not born evil or with the intent to do harm and violence to others, but throughout the novel his emotions overtook his mind, and he committed diabolical acts against others. He compares himself to Adam when he says: Like Adam I was apparently united by no link to any other being in existence (CH15p129) He goes on to say: Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition, for often like him when I viewed the bliss of my protectors the bitter gall of envy rose within me (CH15 P129-130) This shows his passionate hatred of man against him. He has been reduced to a low level, despite the fact that he has done nothing wrong. May Shelley makes the reader feel pity for the creature and makes you question your judgement on what is a monster. The Monster secretly watches closely and is educated in history, politics and religion at the same time as Safie is tutored. The monster says, My days are spent in close attention that I might speedily master the language, while I improved in speech I also learnt the science of letters as it was taught to the stranger and this opened before me a wide field for wonder and delight (CH13-p18) . The words close attention shows that he craves knowledge and the words delight is deliberately put in by Shelley to show the parallel between the monster and Victor within their thirst for knowledge and attitude to education. The effect of this is the beneficial information that allows the reader to be able judge the characters and actions that follow. To conclude, this book has many meanings and messages- I think some of the most important are: always have an open mind, things are never how they seem, be kind as everything has on a knock on effect/ what comes around goes around ECT. Despite the books age it still holds the same morals as they both applied back in the Victorian ages. When the revolution of the steam engine and the beginning of Modern day science was rapidly progressing, people were sceptical to these new ideas and most of them were beginning to question the old ways and were looking forward to a new future

Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address, Facts and Myths

Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address, Facts and Myths On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln delivered a few appropriate remarks at the dedication of Soldiers National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. From a platform set some distance away from the ongoing burial operations, Lincoln addressed a crowd of 15,000 people. The president spoke for three minutes. His speech contained just 272 words, including the observation that the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here. Yet Lincolns Gettysburg Address endures. In the view of historian James McPherson, it stands as the worlds foremost statement of freedom and democracy and the sacrifices required to achieve and defend them. Over the years, historians, biographers, political scientists, and rhetoricians have written countless words about Lincolns brief speech. The most comprehensive study remains Garry Willss Pulitzer Prize-winning book Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (Simon Schuster, 1992). In addition to examining the political circumstances and oratorical antecedents of the speech, Wills dispels several myths, including these: The silly but persistent myth is that [Lincoln] jotted his brief remarks on the back of an envelope [while  riding the train  to  Gettysburg]. . . . In fact, two people testified that Lincolns speech was mainly composed in Washington, before he left for Gettysburg.Though we call Lincolns text the Gettysburg Address, that title clearly belongs to [Edward] Everett. Lincolns contribution, labeled remarks, was intended to make the dedication formal (somewhat like ribbon-cutting at modern openings). Lincoln was not expected to speak at length.Some later accounts would emphasize the length of the main speech [Everetts two-hour oration], as if that were an ordeal or an imposition on the audience. But in the mid-19th century, a talk of several hours was customary and expected.Everetts voice was sweet and expertly modulated; Lincolns was high to the point of shrillness, and his Kentucky accent offended some eastern sensibilities. But Lincoln derived an advantage from his high tenor voic e. . . . He knew a good deal about rhythmic delivery and meaningful inflections. Lincolns text was polished, his delivery emphatic, he was interrupted by applause five times. [T]he myth that Lincoln was disappointed in the result- that he told the unreliable [Ward] Lamon that his speech, like a bad plow, wont scour- has no basis. He had done what he wanted to do. Above all its worth noting that Lincoln composed the address without the aid of speechwriters or advisers. As Fred Kaplan recently observed in Lincoln: The Biography of a Writer (HarperCollins, 2008), Lincoln is distinguished from every other president, with the exception of Jefferson, in that we can be certain that he wrote every word to which his name is attached. Words mattered to Lincoln- their meanings, their rhythms, their effects. On February 11, 1859, two years before he became president, Lincoln delivered a lecture to the Phi Alpha Society of Illinois College. His topic was Discoveries and Inventions: Writing- the art of communicating thoughts to the mind, through the eye- is the great invention of the world. Great in the astonishing range of analysis and combination which necessarily underlies the most crude and general conception of it- great, very great in enabling us to converse with the dead, the absent, and the unborn, at all distances of time and of space; and great, not only in its direct benefits, but greatest help, to all other inventions. . . .Its utility may be conceived, by the reflection that, to it we owe everything which distinguishes us from savages. Take it from us, and the Bible, all history, all science, all government, all commerce, and nearly all social intercourse go with it. Its Kaplans belief that Lincoln was the last president whose character and standards in the use of language avoided the distortions and other dishonest uses of language that have done so much to undermine the credibility of national leaders. To re-experience Lincolns words, try reading aloud his two best-known speeches: The Gettysburg AddressThe Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln Afterward, if youd like to test your familiarity with Lincolns rhetoric, take our Reading Quiz on the Gettysburg Address.